Is There Evidence That Mt. Rainier Will Erupt Again?

Stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Washington

Mount Rainier
The western slope of Mount Rainier in 2005
Highest point
Meridian	14,417 ft (4,394 1000) NAVD 88 [1]
Prominence	13,246 ft (iv,037 1000)[1]
Parent height	Pico de Orizaba, Mexico[2]
Isolation	731 mi (1,176 km)[1]
Listing	World most prominent peaks 21st Due north America prominent peaks fourth North America isolated peaks seventh U.S. highest major peaks 17th U.South. land high point 4th Decade Volcano
Coordinates	46°51′10″N 121°45′37″Due west  /  46.8528857°Due north 121.7603744°W  / 46.8528857; -121.7603744 Coordinates: 46°51′ten″N 121°45′37″W  /  46.8528857°North 121.7603744°W  / 46.8528857; -121.7603744 [iii]
Naming
Etymology	Peter Rainier
Native proper noun	Tahoma, Tacoma, Tacobet (Salishan languages)
Geography
Mount Rainier Mount Rainier National Park, Pierce County, Washington, U.S.
Parent range	Pour Range
Topo map	USGS Mount Rainier West
Geology
Age of stone	500,000 years
Mountain blazon	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc	Cascade Volcanic Arc
Last eruption	1450 CE[4]
Climbing
Outset ascent	1870 by Take a chance Stevens and P. B. Van Trump
Easiest route	rock/water ice climb via Disappointment Cleaver

Mount Rainier (), also known as Tahoma, Tacoma or Tacobet,^[5] is a large active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, located in Mount Rainier National Park about 59 miles (95 km) southward-southeast of Seattle.^[6] With a summit elevation of xiv,411 ft (four,392 thousand),^{[7] [viii]} information technology is the highest mountain in the U.Due south. state of Washington and the Cascade Range, the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United states of america,^[9] and the tallest in the Pour Volcanic Arc.

Due to its high probability of eruption in the nigh futurity, Mount Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list.^[x] The big corporeality of glacial ice means that Mountain Rainier could produce massive lahars which could threaten the entire Puyallup River valley. According to the United States Geological Survey, "about eighty,000 people and their homes are at chance in Mount Rainier's lahar-hazard zones."^[11]

Name [edit]

Mount Rainier was first known by the local Salishan speakers as Talol, Tacoma, or Tahoma. Ane hypothesis of the give-and-take origin is [təˡqʷuʔbəʔ] 'mother of waters' in the Lushootseed language spoken past the Puyallup people.^[12] The linguist William Bright gives the origin as [təqʷúbə] 'snow-covered mountain'.^[13] Another hypothesis is that Tacoma means "larger than Mount Baker" in Lushootseed: Ta 'larger', plus Koma (Kulshan), (Mount Bakery).^[14] Other names originally used include Tahoma, Tacobeh, and Pooskaus.^[15]

The current name was given by George Vancouver, who named it in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier.^[16] The map of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 refers to it as Mt. Regniere.

Although Rainier had been considered the official name of the mountain, Theodore Winthrop, in his posthumously published 1862 travel book The Canoe and the Saddle, referred to the mount as Tacoma and for a fourth dimension, both names were used interchangeably, although Mt. Tacoma was preferred in the nearby city of Tacoma.^{[17] [18]}

In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names declared that the mountain would be known as Rainier.^[19] Following this in 1897, the Pacific Woods Reserve became the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve, and the national park was established three years subsequently. Despite this, in that location was still a movement to change the mountain's name to Tacoma and Congress was withal considering a resolution to change the proper name as late equally 1924.^{[20] [21]}

In the atomic number 82-upward to Super Bowl XLVIII, the Washington Country Senate passed a resolution on Friday, January 31, 2014, temporarily renaming the mount Mount Seattle Seahawks until the midnight later on the Super Bowl, Mon, February iii, 2014,^[22] in response to the renaming of 53 mountains in Colorado after the 53 members of the Denver Broncos by Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper.^[23]

After the 2022 restoration of the original name Denali from Mount McKinley in Alaska, debate over Mount Rainier'southward proper noun intensified.^[24]

Geographical setting [edit]

Mount Rainier, as viewed from Kerry Park in Seattle

Mountain Rainier from an aircraft

Mount Rainier is the tallest mount in Washington and the Pour Range. This peak is located just east of Eatonville and simply southeast of Tacoma and Seattle.^[25] Mount Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the U.s.a.. Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of thirteen,210 ft (4,026 m), which is greater than that of K2, the globe's 2nd-tallest mountain, at 13,189 ft (4,020 m).^[26] On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in nearly of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan expanse to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it but equally "the Mountain".^[27] On days of infrequent clarity, it tin also be seen from as far away every bit Corvallis, Oregon (at Marys Peak), and Victoria, British Columbia.^[28]

With 26 major glaciers^[29] and 36 sq mi (93 km²) of permanent snowfields and glaciers,^[30] Mountain Rainier is the virtually heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states. The peak is topped by two volcanic craters, each more than than ane,000 ft (300 m) in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the w crater. Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims complimentary of snow and ice, and has formed the world's largest volcanic glacier cavern network inside the ice-filled craters,^[31] with nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) of passages.^[32] A small crater lake about 130 by 30 ft (39.6 by 9.1 one thousand) in size and 16 ft (v chiliad) deep, the highest in North America with a surface pinnacle of fourteen,203 ft (4,329 m), occupies the lowest portion of the west crater below more than 100 ft (xxx m) of ice and is accessible only via the caves.^{[33] [34]}

The Carbon, Puyallup, Mowich, Nisqually, and Cowlitz Rivers begin at eponymous glaciers of Mount Rainier. The sources of the White River are Winthrop, Emmons, and Fryingpan Glaciers. The White, Carbon, and Mowich join the Puyallup River, which discharges into Commencement Bay at Tacoma; the Nisqually empties into Puget Audio e of Lacey; and the Cowlitz joins the Columbia River betwixt Kelso and Longview.

A panorama of the s face of Mount Rainier

Subsidiary peaks [edit]

The wide meridian of Mount Rainier contains iii named summits. The highest is chosen the Columbia Crest. The second highest acme is Signal Success, xiv,158 ft (4,315 grand), at the southern edge of the tiptop plateau, atop the ridge known as Success Cleaver. It has a topographic prominence of most 138 ft (42 m), so it is not considered a separate peak. The everyman of the iii summits is Liberty Cap, fourteen,112 ft (iv,301 m), at the northwestern edge, which overlooks Freedom Ridge, the Sunset Amphitheater, and the dramatic Willis Wall. Liberty Cap has a prominence of 492 ft (150 k), and then would qualify as a divide tiptop under most strictly prominence-based rules. A prominence cutoff of 400 ft (122 m) is normally used in Washington state.^[35]

High on the eastern flank of Mount Rainier is a elevation known as Little Tahoma Peak, xi,138 ft (3,395 thousand), an eroded remnant of the before, much higher, Mount Rainier. Information technology has a prominence of 858 ft (262 thousand), and it is almost never climbed in direct conjunction with Columbia Crest, and then it is commonly considered a separate peak. If considered separately from Mountain Rainier, Piffling Tahoma Superlative would be the 3rd highest mountain elevation in Washington.^{[36] [37]}

Geology [edit]

Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano in the Pour Volcanic Arc that consists of lava flows, debris flows, and pyroclastic ejecta and flows. Its early volcanic deposits are estimated at more than 840,000 years old and are part of the Lily Germination (well-nigh 2.9 million to 840,000 years agone). The early deposits formed a "proto-Rainier" or an ancestral cone prior to the present-mean solar day cone.^[38] The present cone is more than 500,000 years erstwhile.^[39]

The volcano is highly eroded, with glaciers on its slopes, and appears to be fabricated mostly of andesite. Rainier likely once stood fifty-fifty higher than today at most 16,000 ft (iv,900 m) before a major debris avalanche and the resulting Osceola Mudflow approximately 5,000 years ago.^[xl] In the past, Rainier has had large debris avalanches, and has too produced enormous lahars (volcanic mudflows), due to the large amount of glacial ice nowadays. Its lahars take reached all the way to Puget Sound, a distance of more than 30 mi (48 km). Effectually five,000 years ago, a big clamper of the volcano slid abroad and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow, which went all the way to the site of present-day Tacoma and s Seattle.^[41] This massive avalanche of rock and ice removed the top one,600 ft (500 grand) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 ft (iv,300 one thousand). About 530 to 550 years ago, the Electron Mudflow occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow.^[42]

After the major collapse approximately five,000 years ago, subsequent eruptions of lava and tephra built up the modern acme cone until nearly as recently every bit ane,000 years ago. As many as 11 Holocene tephra layers have been plant.^[38]

Modern activeness and threat [edit]

The virtually recent recorded volcanic eruption was between 1820 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive action in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and 1894 also.^[43]

Seismic monitors have been placed in Mount Rainier National Park and on the mountain itself to monitor activeness.^[44] An eruption could be deadly for all living in areas inside the firsthand vicinity of the volcano and an eruption would besides cause trouble from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to San Francisco, California^[45] because of the massive amounts of ash blasting out of the volcano into the atmosphere.

Mountain Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This includes mountains and calderas like Mount Shasta and Lassen Summit in California, Crater Lake, Iii Sisters, and Mountain Hood in Oregon, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Peak, and Mountain Baker in Washington, and Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Silverthrone Caldera, and Mountain Meager in British Columbia. All of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in club to predict how mountains in this arc will deport and what they are capable of in the future, including Mountain Rainier.^{[46] [47]} Of these, merely 2 have erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, by eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake'southward last eruption as Mount Mazama was large plenty to cause its cone to collapse,^[48] and Mount Rainier's closest neighbour, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest eruption in the continental United States when it erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2–3 per century.^[49]

Mount Rainier is listed as a Decade Volcano, or one of the 16 volcanoes with the greatest likelihood of causing loss of life and belongings if eruptive activity resumes.^[50] If Mount Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mountain St. Helens,^[42] the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the fact that Mount Rainier is about twice the size of St. Helens.^[51] Lahars from Rainier pose the most gamble to life and property,^[52] every bit many communities prevarication atop older lahar deposits. According to the Usa Geological Survey (USGS), about 150,000 people live on top of sometime lahar deposits of Rainier.^[11] Not just is there much ice atop the volcano, the volcano is also slowly existence weakened by hydrothermal activity. According to Geoff Clayton, a geologist with a Washington Land Geology firm, RH2 Engineering, a repeat of the 5000-year-erstwhile Osceola Mudflow would destroy Enumclaw, Orting, Kent, Auburn, Puyallup, Sumner and all of Renton.^[41] Such a mudflow might also reach down the Duwamish estuary and destroy parts of downtown Seattle, and cause tsunami in Puget Sound and Lake Washington.^[53] Rainier is also capable of producing pyroclastic flows and expelling lava.^[53]

According to K. Scott, a scientist with the USGS:

A dwelling built in any of the probabilistically defined overflowing areas on the new maps is more than likely to exist damaged or destroyed by a lahar than by fire... For example, a domicile congenital in an area that would be inundated every 100 years, on the average, is 27 times more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a flow than by burn down. People know the danger of fire, and so they buy fire insurance and they have smoke alarms, but most people are not aware of the risks of lahars, and few accept applicable flood insurance.^[54]

The volcanic chance is somewhat mitigated by lahar warning sirens and escape road signs in Pierce County.^[55] The more populous King Canton is also in the lahar area, just has no zoning restrictions due to volcanic hazard.^[56] More than recently (since 2001) funding from the federal government for lahar protection in the area has dried up, leading local authorities in at-gamble cities similar Orting to fear a disaster similar to the Armero tragedy.^{[57] [58]}

Seismic groundwork [edit]

Typically, upward to 5 earthquakes are recorded monthly most the superlative. Swarms of v to ten shallow earthquakes over ii or three days take place from fourth dimension to time, predominantly in the region of 13,000 anxiety (iv km) below the acme. These earthquakes are thought to exist caused past the circulation of hot fluids below Mount Rainier. Presumably, hot springs and steam vents inside Mountain Rainier National Park are generated by such fluids.^[59] Seismic swarms (not initiated with a mainshock) are mutual features at volcanoes, and are rarely associated with eruptive action. Rainier has had several such swarms; there were days-long swarms in 2002, 2004, and 2007, ii of which (2002 and 2004) included M 3.two earthquakes. A 2009 swarm produced the largest number of events of any swarm at Rainier since seismic monitoring began over two decades earlier.^[60] Further swarms were observed in 2011 and 2021.^{[61] [62]}

Glaciers [edit]

3-dimensional representation of Mount Rainier

Glaciers are amidst the almost conspicuous and dynamic geologic features on Mountain Rainier. They erode the volcanic cone and are of import sources of streamflow for several rivers, including some that provide h2o for hydroelectric power and irrigation. Together with perennial snow patches, the 29 named glacial features encompass well-nigh 30.41 square miles (78.8 km²) of the mountain'due south surface in 2022 and have an estimated volume of well-nigh 0.69 cubic miles (2.9 km³).^{[63] [64] [29] [thirty]}

Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity past the combined action of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by deformation, the gradual displacement between and within individual water ice crystals. Maximum speeds occur about the surface and along the centerline of the glacier. During May 1970, Nisqually Glacier was measured moving as fast every bit 29 inches (74 cm) per day. Menses rates are generally greater in summer than in winter, probably due to the presence of big quantities of meltwater at the glacier base of operations.^[30]

The size of glaciers on Mount Rainier has fluctuated significantly in the by. For example, during the terminal water ice age, from about 25,000 to about fifteen,000 years agone, glaciers covered near of the surface area at present within the boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park and extended to the perimeter of the present Puget Audio Basin.^[30]

Between the 14th century and 1850, many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier avant-garde to their farthest extent downvalley since the last water ice historic period. Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time menstruation known to geologists every bit the Little Ice Age. During the Trivial Ice Age, the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft (200 to 240 yard) downvalley from the site of the Glacier Span, Tahoma and Southward Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of Glacier Island, and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within 1.2 mi (one.9 km) of the White River Campground.^[30]

Retreat of the Niggling Water ice Age glaciers was wearisome until about 1920 when retreat became more rapid. Between the height of the Little Ice Historic period and 1950, Mount Rainier's glaciers lost about one-quarter of their length. Beginning in 1950 and continuing through the early 1980s, nevertheless, many of the major glaciers avant-garde in response to relatively cooler temperatures of the mid-century. The Carbon, Cowlitz, Emmons, and Nisqually Glaciers avant-garde during the late 1970s and early on 1980s as a upshot of high snowfalls during the 1960s and 1970s. Since the early-1980s, however, many glaciers have been thinning and retreating and some advances accept slowed.^[30]

The glaciers on Mountain Rainier can generate mudflows, through glacial flare-up floods not associated with any eruption. The South Tahoma Glacier generated 30 floods in the 1980s and early 1990s, and once more in August, 2015.^[65]

Homo history [edit]

Viewed from the northwest (Tacoma), Freedom Cap is the apparent summit with Mowich Face below.^[67]

At the time of European contact, the river valleys and other areas well-nigh the mount were inhabited past Native Americans who hunted and gathered animals and plants in Mount Rainier'southward forests and high elevation meadows. Mod descendants of these peoples are represented by members of modern tribes that surroundings the mountain; including the Nisqually Indian Tribe, the Cowlitz Indian Tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, and the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, amid others in the area.^[68] The archaeological record of human use of the mountain dates to over 8,500 years earlier nowadays (BP). Sites related to seasonal use of Mount Rainier and its landscapes are reflected in chipped stone tool remains and settings suggesting functionally varied uses including job-specific sites, rockshelters, travel stops, and long-term base of operations camps. Their distribution on the mountain propose primary utilise of subalpine meadows and low alpine habitats that provided relatively high resource abundance during the short summertime flavor.^[69]

Helm George Vancouver reached Puget Sound in early May 1792 and became the first European to see the mountain.^[16]

In 1833, Dr. William Fraser Tolmie explored the area looking for medicinal plants. Adventure Stevens and P. B. Van Trump received a hero'due south welcome in the streets of Olympia after their successful summit climb in 1870.^{[seventy] [71]} The first female ascent was made in 1890 by Fay Fuller, accompanied by Van Trump and three other teammates.^[72]

Descending from the acme in 1883, James Longmire discovered a mineral bound; this ultimately led to his establishment of a spa and hotel, drawing other visitors to the area to seek the benefits of the spring.^[73] Later on, the headquarters of the national park would be established at Longmire, until flooding caused them to be relocated to Ashford.^[74] The area likewise became the site of features similar a museum, a post office, and a gas station, with additions like a library and a gift shop presently following; many of these buildings were ultimately nominated to the national historic register of historic places.^[74] Longmire remains the second almost popular place in the park.^{[74] [75]} In 1924, a publication from the park described the surface area:

"A feature at Longmire Springs of great involvement to anybody is the group of mineral springs in the little flat to the west of National Park Inn. There are some forty distinct springs, a one-half dozen of which are easily reached from the road. An analysis of the waters show that they all comprise well-nigh the smae [sic] mineral salts merely in slightly differing proportions. All the water is highly carbonated and would be classed as extremely "hard". Sure springs contain larger amounts of soda, iron and sulphur, giving them a singled-out taste and color."^[76]

John Muir climbed Mount Rainier in 1888, and although he enjoyed the view, he conceded that it was all-time appreciated from beneath. Muir was one of many who advocated protecting the mountain. In 1893, the surface area was ready bated as part of the Pacific Forest Reserve in order to protect its physical and economic resources, primarily timber and watersheds.^[77]

Citing the demand to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment, railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism. On March ii, 1899, President William McKinley established Mount Rainier National Park as America'due south 5th national park. Congress dedicated the new park "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people"^[78] and "... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders inside said park, and their retention in their natural condition."^[79]

On 24 June 1947, Kenneth Arnold reported seeing a germination of 9 unidentified flying objects over Mountain Rainier. His description led to the term "flying saucers".^[80]

In 1998, the Us Geological Survey began putting together the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System to assist in the emergency evacuation of the Puyallup River valley in the consequence of a catastrophic debris menses. It is at present run by the Pierce Canton Section of Emergency Management. Tacoma, at the rima oris of the Puyallup, is only 37 mi (60 km) west of Rainier, and moderately sized towns such every bit Puyallup and Orting are only 27 and 20 mi (43 and 32 km) away, respectively.^[81]

Mount Rainier appears on iv distinct U.s.a. postage stamp issues. In 1934, it was the three-cent issue in a series of National Park stamps, and was also shown on a souvenir sheet issued for a philatelic convention. The following twelvemonth, in 1935, both of these were reprinted past Postmaster Full general James A. Farley as special issues given to officials and friends. Because of complaints past the public, "Farley's Follies" were reproduced in large numbers. The 2d stamp issue is piece of cake to tell from the original because it is imperforate. Both stamps and souvenir sheets are widely bachelor.^[82]

The Washington country quarter, which was released on April 11, 2007, features Mount Rainier and a salmon.^{[83] [84]}

Climbing [edit]

Mountain climbing on Mount Rainier is difficult, involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. south of Alaska. Most climbers require two to three days to achieve the height, with a success charge per unit of approximately 50%, with weather and physical conditioning of the climbers being the most mutual reasons for failure. Almost 8,000 to 13,000 people effort the climb each year,^[85] about ninety% via routes from Camp Muir on the southeast flank,^[86] and well-nigh of the rest ascend Emmons Glacier via Camp Schurman on the northeast. Climbing teams require feel in glacier travel, self-rescue, and wilderness travel. All climbers who programme to climb above the high camps, Campsite Muir and Camp Schurman, are required to purchase a Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and register for their climb.^[87] Additionally, solo climbers must fill out a solo climbing request form and receive written permission from the Superintendent before attempting to climb.^[88]

Climbing routes [edit]

Camp Muir is commonly used by those attempting to top Mountain Rainier

All climbing routes on Mount Rainier crave climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill. This includes ascending and descending the mountain with the use of technical climbing equipment such as crampons, ice axes, harnesses, and ropes. Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier can vary widely between climbing routes. Routes are graded in NCCS Alpine Climbing format.

The normal route to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Thwarting Cleaver Route, YDS class 2-III. As climbers on this route have access to the permanently established Army camp Muir, it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain. This road is besides the most mutual commercially guided route. The term "cleaver" is used in the context of a stone ridge that separates two glaciers. The reason for naming this cleaver a "disappointment" is unrecorded, just it is thought to be due to climbers reaching it but to recognize their inability to accomplish the height.^[89] An alternative road to the Thwarting Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Direct Road, form Ii, and is oftentimes used when the Disappointment Cleaver route cannot be climbed due to poor road conditions.

The Emmons Glacier Route, grade II, is an culling to the Disappointment Cleaver route and poses a lower technical claiming to climbers. The climbers on the route can brand apply of Army camp Schurman (nine,500 ft), a glacial camp site. Campsite Schurman is equipped with a solar toilet and a ranger hut.^[90]

The Liberty Ridge Route, grade Iv, is a considerably more than challenging and objectively unsafe route than the normal route to the summit. It runs up the middle of the North Face of Mount Rainier and crosses the very active Carbon Glacier. First climbed by Ome Daiber, Arnie Campbell and Jim Burrow in 1935, information technology is listed as 1 of the L Archetype Climbs of North America by Steve Roper and Allen Steck. This road simply accounts for approximately 2% of climbers on the mountain, but approximately 25% of its deaths.^[91]

Dangers and accidents [edit]

Nigh two mountaineering deaths each year occur because of rock and ice fall, avalanche, falls, and hypothermia. These incidents are often associated with exposure to very loftier altitude, fatigue, aridity, and/or poor weather condition.^[92] (58 deaths have been reported since and including the 1981 accident through 2010 per American Alpine Club Accidents in Northward American Mountaineering and the National Park Service.)

The get-go known climbing death on Mount Rainier was Edgar McClure, a professor of chemistry at the University of Oregon, on July 27, 1897. During the descent in darkness, McClure stepped over the edge of the rock and slide to his death on a rocky outcrop. The spot is now known as McClure Rock.^[93]

Willi Unsoeld, who reached the meridian of Mount Everest in 1963, was killed, forth with an Evergreen College student, in an avalanche on Mount Rainier in 1979. He had climbed the mountain over 200 times.

The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981, when ten clients and a guide died in an avalanche/ice fall on the Ingraham Glacier.^[94] This was the largest number of fatalities on Mount Rainier in a single incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the Due south Tahoma Glacier.^[95]

In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over xxx years, six climbers—two guides, and iv clients—last heard from on May 28, 2014, were presumed dead on May 31, 2014, when depression-flying search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn past the climbers. Officials concluded that at that place was no possible chance of survival after the climbers fell 3,300 feet (1,000 m) while attempting or returning from the superlative via the Liberty Ridge climbing route. Searchers establish tents and dress forth with rock and ice strewn beyond a debris field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft (2,900 m), possible prove for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing, though the verbal cause of the accident is unknown.^[96] The bodies of three of the client climbers were spotted on Baronial vii, 2014, during a training flight and subsequently recovered on August 19, 2014. The bodies of the quaternary client climber and 2 guides have not been located.^{[97] [98]}

Outdoor recreation [edit]

In addition to climbing, hiking, backcountry skiing, photography, and camping are popular activities in the park. Hiking trails, including the Wonderland Trail—a 93-mile (150 km) circumnavigation of the peak, provide access to the backcountry. Popular for winter sports include snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.^[99]

Climate [edit]

The height of Mount Rainier has an ice cap climate (Köppen climate classification: EF)

Climate data for Mountain Rainier Tiptop. 1991-2020
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	November	December	Year
Boilerplate high °F (°C)	9.two (−12.7)	8.four (−13.1)	9.ane (−12.7)	12.9 (−10.six)	21.7 (−5.7)	28.3 (−2.i)	38.2 (3.4)	38.5 (3.vi)	34.0 (1.1)	24.4 (−four.2)	12.7 (−10.7)	viii.2 (−13.2)	20.v (−6.iv)
Daily mean °F (°C)	3.1 (−sixteen.ane)	0.9 (−17.3)	0.7 (−17.four)	3.4 (−fifteen.9)	eleven.ii (−xi.vi)	17.1 (−viii.iii)	25.7 (−3.5)	26.two (−iii.2)	22.four (−five.iii)	fourteen.seven (−ix.6)	6.1 (−14.4)	two.4 (−16.4)	xi.2 (−eleven.six)
Average depression °F (°C)	−3.0 (−nineteen.4)	−6.5 (−21.4)	−7.8 (−22.1)	−6.one (−21.two)	0.7 (−17.4)	6.0 (−fourteen.iv)	13.2 (−10.iv)	13.9 (−10.1)	x.8 (−11.8)	5.1 (−fourteen.9)	−0.four (−eighteen.0)	−three.4 (−xix.7)	one.9 (−16.7)
Average atmospheric precipitation inches (mm)	xiv.09 (358)	11.49 (292)	11.38 (289)	half-dozen.73 (171)	three.62 (92)	3.08 (78)	1.13 (29)	1.30 (33)	3.01 (76)	7.61 (193)	12.89 (327)	13.60 (345)	89.93 (2,284)
Average dew point °F (°C)	−iv.8 (−20.four)	−viii.7 (−22.six)	−9.0 (−22.viii)	−seven.6 (−22.0)	−2.0 (−18.9)	iii.four (−15.ix)	8.1 (−13.3)	vii.9 (−thirteen.4)	five.3 (−xiv.eight)	1.eight (−16.8)	−four.0 (−20.0)	−six.0 (−21.1)	−1.3 (−18.v)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[100]

Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft) (2014-2021)
Calendar month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	October	Nov	December	Year
Tape high °F (°C)	47.ix (eight.8)	48.5 (nine.2)	48.0 (8.9)	threescore.1 (15.6)	53.9 (12.2)	66.5 (nineteen.2)	64.7 (18.two)	63.1 (17.three)	64.3 (17.9)	57.0 (xiii.ix)	51.three (10.seven)	47.seven (eight.7)	66.5 (19.2)
Boilerplate high °F (°C)	22.vi (−5.2)	21.iv (−5.9)	22.6 (−5.2)	28.2 (−ii.1)	36.1 (ii.3)	41.1 (five.1)	47.5 (8.six)	49.seven (ix.viii)	41.3 (5.2)	34.seven (1.5)	26.vi (−3.0)	22.one (−v.5)	32.8 (0.iv)
Daily mean °F (°C)	17.3 (−8.2)	14.8 (−9.half-dozen)	xvi.five (−8.half dozen)	21.9 (−five.vi)	30.2 (−1.0)	35.6 (ii.0)	42.6 (v.9)	44.6 (vii.0)	36.ii (2.3)	29.1 (−1.6)	20.ix (−6.2)	16.2 (−8.viii)	27.ii (−2.seven)
Average depression °F (°C)	12.1 (−11.1)	8.two (−xiii.2)	10.five (−11.9)	15.6 (−nine.one)	24.3 (−4.iii)	xxx.one (−ane.one)	37.8 (3.2)	39.v (4.two)	31.2 (−0.four)	23.5 (−four.7)	xv.3 (−9.three)	10.3 (−12.1)	21.5 (−5.viii)
Tape low °F (°C)	−11.2 (−24.0)	−11.6 (−24.2)	−four.iii (−20.2)	−3.4 (−19.7)	4.8 (−15.1)	4.0 (−15.6)	19.3 (−seven.1)	23.eight (−iv.six)	7.4 (−13.7)	0.five (−17.5)	−2.nine (−19.4)	−5.iii (−20.7)	−eleven.6 (−24.2)
Average relative humidity (%)	74.eight	72.4	69.7	61.9	61.3	54.half dozen	44.two	42.half-dozen	56.3	63.three	70.six	72.two	62.0
Source: NWAC[101]

Ecology [edit]

Reflection Lake is a popular place to view Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier's protected status as a national park protects its primeval Cascade ecosystem, providing a stable habitat for many species in the region, including endemic flora and fauna that are unique to the area, such every bit the Cascade cherry flim-flam and Mountain Rainier lousewort.^{[102] [103] [104]} The ecosystem on the mountain is very diverse, owing to the climate found at dissimilar elevations.^[105] Scientists runway the distinct species found in the forest zone, the subalpine zone, and the alpine zone.^[106] They have discovered more than one thousand species of plants and fungi.^[106] The mountain is also home to 65 species of mammals, 5 reptile, 182 bird, xiv amphibians, and fourteen of native fish, in add-on to an innumerable amount of invertebrates.^[105]

Flora [edit]

Subalpine wildflower meadow in Paradise region of Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier has regularly been described equally one of the best places in the world to view wildflowers.^{[107] [108]} In the subalpine region of the mountain, the snow oft stays on the ground until summer begins, limiting plants to a much shorter growing season. This produces dramatic blooms in areas similar Paradise.^{[106] [109]} In 1924, the flowers were described by naturalist Floyd West. Schmoe:

"Mount Rainier National Park is perhaps ameliorate known the earth over for these wonderful flowers than for whatever one feature. The mountains, the glaciers, the cascading streams and the forests may exist equalled if i looks far away enough, but no park has been so favored in the mode of wild flowers."^[110]

Forests on the mountain span from as young as 100 years old to sections of erstwhile growth woods that are calculated to be 1000 years or more in historic period.^[106] The lower elevation consists mainly of western scarlet-cedar, Douglas fir, and western hemlock.^[106] Pacific silvery fir, western white pine, Alaska yellow cedar, and noble fir are institute further up the mountain. In the alpine level, Alaskan xanthous cedar, subalpine fir, and mountain hemlock grow.^[106]

Fauna [edit]

A Cascade red play a joke on active during Paradise's long winter

The mount supports a wide diversity of animal life, including several species that are protected on the state or federal level, like the Northern Spotted Owl.^[105] Efforts are as well being made to reintroduce native species that had locally been hunted to extinction, similar the Pacific fisher.^[105] There are lx-5 types of mammals living on the mount, including cougars, mountain goats, marmots, and elk. Mutual reptiles and amphibians include garter snakes, frogs, and salamanders. There are many types of birds found throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live there all yr, many are migratory. Salmon and trout species use the rivers formed by the glaciers, and though the lakes stopped beingness stocked in 1972, thirty lakes still accept reproducing populations.^[111]

See too [edit]

• Mount Rainier National Park
• Mount Rainier Wilderness
• Mount Rainier Forest Reserve
• Bibliography of Mount Rainier National Park
• Bailey Willis, USGS geological engineer, played a fundamental role in getting Mountain Rainier designated as a national park, Willis Wall is named after him.^[112]

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

• Mount Rainier National Park (also used equally a reference)
• "Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning Organization". Volcano Hazards Program. U.s.a. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-01-xix. Retrieved 2008-x-30 .
• Mt. Rainier Eruption Task Forcefulness (pdf)
• Mount Rainier stream drainage
• Mountain Rainier Trail Descriptions
• "Mountain Rainier". SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011-05-07 .
• Mountain Rainier National Park at Curlie
• Doughton, Sandi (2014-09-26), "Under Rainier's crater, a natural laboratory like no other", The Seattle Times : contains images and videos of the top caves

Academy of Washington libraries and digital collections [edit]

• Lawrence Denny Lindsley Photographs, Landscape and nature photography of Lawrence Denny Lindsley, including photographs of scenes around Mount Rainier.
• The Mountaineers Collection, Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official almanac outings undertaken by guild members from 1907–1951, includes 3 Mt. Rainier albums (ca. 1912, 1919, 1924).
• Henry One thousand. Sarvant Photographs, photographs by Henry Mason Sarvant depicting his climbing expeditions to Mt. Rainier and scenes of the vicinity from 1892–1912.
• Alvin H. Waite Photographs Photographs of Mt. Rainier by Alvin H. Waite, during the belatedly 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier

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