Filigree Border Doc Saint Cyril and Methodius Symbols Clip Art

Byzantine Christian brothers

Saints Cyril and Methodius
"Saints Cyril and Methodius property the Cyrillic alphabet," a mural by Bulgarian iconographer Z. Zograf, 1848, Troyan Monastery
Bishops and Confessors; Equals to the Apostles; Patrons of Europe; Apostles to the Slavs
Built-in	826 or 827 and 815 Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire (nowadays-day Greece)
Died	(869-02-14)14 February 869 and (885-04-06)half dozen April 885 Rome and Velehrad, Moravia
Venerated in	Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Communion[1] Lutheranism[2]
Feast	eleven and 24 May[3] (Eastern Orthodox Church) 14 February (present Roman Catholic calendar); five July (Roman Catholic calendar 1880–1886); 7 July (Roman Catholic calendar 1887–1969) v July (Roman Cosmic Czech republic and Slovakia)
Attributes	brothers depicted together; Eastern bishops holding up a church; Eastern bishops holding an icon of the Last Judgment.[4] Often, Cyril is depicted wearing a monastic habit and Methodius vested every bit a bishop with omophorion.
Patronage	Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Transnistria, Serbia, Archdiocese of Ljubljana, Europe,[4] Slovak Eparchy of Toronto, Eparchy of Košice[5]

Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known every bit the "Apostles to the Slavs".^{[half dozen]}

They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic.^[vii] After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church building as saints with the title of "equal-to-apostles". In 1880, Pope Leo Xiii introduced their feast into the agenda of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, Pope John Paul Ii alleged them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.^[8]

Early career

Early life

The two brothers were born in Thessalonica, and then located in a Byzantine province with the same name, (today in Greece) – Cyril in about 827–828 and Methodius about 815–820. Cyril was reputedly the youngest of vii brothers; he was born Constantine,^[nine] but was given the name Cyril upon becoming a monk in Rome shortly earlier his death,^{[ten] [11] [12]} co-ordinate to the Vita Cyrilli ("The Life of Cyril"). Methodius was born Michael and was given the name Methodius upon becoming a monk in Polychron Monastery at Mysian Olympus (nowadays-twenty-four hour period Uludağ), in northwest Turkey.^[13] Their father was Leo, a droungarios of the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica, and their mother was Maria.

The verbal ethnic origins of the brothers are unknown, there is controversy as to whether Cyril and Methodius were of Slavic^[fourteen] or Greek^[15] origin, or both.^[sixteen] The two brothers lost their father when Cyril was 14, and the powerful minister Theoktistos, who was logothetes tou dromou, one of the chief ministers of the Empire, became their protector. He was too responsible, along with the regent Bardas, for initiating a far-reaching educational program inside the Empire which culminated in the establishment of the University of Magnaura, where Cyril was to teach. Cyril was ordained as priest some time after his education, while his brother Methodius remained a deacon until 867/868.^[17]

Mission to the Khazars

About the year 860, Byzantine Emperor Michael Iii and the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius (a professor of Cyril's at the University and his guiding light in before years), sent Cyril on a missionary expedition to the Khazars who had requested a scholar be sent to them who could converse with both Jews and Saracens.^[18] It has been claimed that Methodius accompanied Cyril on the mission to the Khazars, but this may be a later invention.^{[ citation needed ]} The account of his life presented in the Latin "Legenda" claims that he learned the Khazar linguistic communication while in Chersonesos, in Taurica (today Crimea).

Afterwards his return to Constantinople, Cyril causeless the role of professor of philosophy at the University while his brother had by this time go a significant effigy in Byzantine political and authoritative affairs, and an abbot of his monastery.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mission to the Slavs

Nifty Moravia

In 862, the brothers began the work which would give them their historical importance. That year Prince Rastislav of Groovy Moravia requested that Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch Photius send missionaries to deliver his Slavic subjects. His motives in doing so were probably more than political than religious. Rastislav had become king with the support of the Frankish ruler Louis the German, just afterward sought to assert his independence from the Franks. It is a mutual misconception that Cyril and Methodius were the offset to bring Christianity to Moravia, but the letter of the alphabet from Rastislav to Michael 3 states clearly that Rastislav'southward people "had already rejected paganism and attach to the Christian law."^[19] Rastislav is said to take expelled missionaries of the Roman Church and instead turned to Constantinople for ecclesiastical assistance and, presumably, a degree of political support.^[twenty] The Emperor quickly chose to ship Cyril, accompanied by his brother Methodius.^[21] The request provided a user-friendly opportunity to aggrandize Byzantine influence. Their starting time work seems to have been the training of assistants. In 863, they began the task of translating the Gospels and necessary liturgical books into the linguistic communication now known equally Old Church Slavonic^[22] and traveled to Great Moravia to promote it.^[23] They enjoyed considerable success in this endeavour. However, they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics who opposed their efforts to create a specifically Slavic liturgy.

For the purpose of this mission, they devised the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts. The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to friction match the specific features of the Slavic linguistic communication. Its descendant script, the Cyrillic, is still used by many languages today.^[twenty]

The brothers wrote the first Slavic Ceremonious Code, which was used in Great Moravia. The linguistic communication derived from Old Church Slavonic, known every bit Church Slavonic, is still used in liturgy by several Orthodox Churches and as well in some Eastern Catholic churches.

Information technology is impossible to determine with certainty exactly what the brothers translated. The New Testament and the Psalms seem to have been the first, followed by other lessons from the Sometime Testament.^{[ citation needed ]} The "Translatio" speaks only of a version of the Gospels by Cyril, and the "Vita Methodii" only of the "evangelium Slovenicum," though other liturgical selections may also accept been translated.

Nor is it known for sure which liturgy, that of Rome or that of Constantinople, they took as a source. They may well have used the Roman alphabet, every bit suggested by liturgical fragments which attach closely to the Latin type. This view is confirmed by the "Prague Fragments" and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kiev and discovered at that place by Izmail Sreznevsky—probably the oldest document for the Slavonic tongue; these adhere closely to the Latin type, as is shown by the words "Mass," "Preface," and the name of one Felicitas. In any case, the circumstances were such that the brothers could hope for no permanent success without obtaining the authorization of Rome.

Journey to Rome

Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome. Fresco in San Clemente

The mission of Constantine and Methodius had nifty success among Slavs in part because they used the people'south native linguistic communication rather than Latin or Greek. In Great Moravia, Constantine and Methodius too encountered missionaries from East Francia, representing the western or Latin branch of the Church, and more specially representing the Carolingian Empire equally founded by Charlemagne, and committed to linguistic, and cultural uniformity. They insisted on the use of the Latin liturgy, and they regarded Moravia and the Slavic peoples as office of their rightful mission field.

When friction adult, the brothers, unwilling to be a cause of dissension among Christians, decided to travel to Rome to see the Pope, and seek a solution that would avert quarreling betwixt missionaries in the field. In 867, Pope Nicholas I (858-867) invited the brothers to Rome. Their evangelizing mission in Moravia had past this time go the focus of a dispute with Archbishop Adalwin of Salzburg (859–873) and Bishop Ermanrich of Passau (866-874), who claimed ecclesiastical control of the same territory and wished to run across it use the Latin liturgy exclusively.

Travelling with the relics of Saint Clement and a retinue of disciples, and passing through Pannonia (the Balaton Principality), where they were well received by Prince Koceľ. This activity in Pannonia made a continuation of conflicts inevitable with the German language episcopate, and especially with the bishop of Salzburg, to whose jurisdiction Pannonia had belonged for seventy-five years. As early as 865, Bishop Adalwin was found to exercise Episcopal rights in that location, and the administration nether him was in the hands of the archpriest Riehbald. The latter was obliged to retire to Salzburg, but his superior was naturally disinclined to carelessness his claims.

The brothers sought support from Rome, and arrived in that location in 868, where they were warmly received. This was partly due to their bringing with them the relics of Saint Clement; the rivalry with Constantinople equally to the jurisdiction over the territory of the Slavs would incline Rome to value the brothers and their influence.^[20]

New Pope Adrian II (867-872) gave Methodius the championship of Archbishop of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia) and sent him dorsum in 869, with jurisdiction over all of Moravia and Pannonia, and authorisation to use the Slavonic Liturgy.^[24] The brothers were praised for their learning and cultivated for their influence in Constantinople. Anastasius Bibliothecarius would later call Cyril "a man of apostolic life" and "a human being of great wisdom".^[25] Their project in Moravia constitute back up from Pope Adrian Two, who formally authorized the utilise of the new Slavic liturgy. After, Methodius was ordained as priest past the pope himself, and five Slavic disciples were ordained as priests (Saint Gorazd, Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum) and as deacons (Saint Angelar and Saint Sava) by the prominent bishops Formosus and Gauderic.^[26] Cyril and Methodius along with these 5 disciples are collectively venerated (mainly by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church) as "Seven Saints".^[27] The newly made priests officiated in their own languages at the altars of some of the main churches. Feeling his finish budgeted, Cyril became a Basilian monk, was given the new proper name Cyril,^[28] and died in Rome l days after (14 February 869). There is some question every bit to assertion of the Translatio (ix.) that he was made a bishop.

The statement of the "Vita" that Methodius was fabricated bishop in 870 and not raised to the dignity of an archbishop until 873 is contradicted by the brief of Pope John VIII, written in June 879, according to which Adrian consecrated him archbishop; John includes in his jurisdiction not just Great Moravia and Pannonia, but Serbia too.

Methodius solitary

Methodius now continued the piece of work amongst the Slavs solitary; non at kickoff in Great Moravia, but in Pannonia (in the Balaton Principality), owing to the political circumstances of the onetime country, where Rastislav had been taken convict by his nephew Svatopluk in 870, then delivered over to Carloman of Bavaria, and condemned in a diet held at Regensburg at the terminate of 870. At the same time, the Eastward Frankish rulers and their bishops decided to remove Methodius. The archiepiscopal claims of Methodius were considered such an injury to the rights of Salzburg that he was captured and forced to answer to Eastward Frankish bishops: Adalwin of Salzburg, Ermanrich of Passau, and Anno of Freising. After a heated discussion, they declared the deposition of the intruder, and ordered him to exist sent to Frg, where he was kept prisoner in a monastery for two and a half years.^[29]

In spite of the strong representations of the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, written in 871 to influence the pope, though not avowing this purpose, Rome declared emphatically for Methodius, and sent a bishop, Paul of Ancona, to reinstate him and punish his enemies, after which both parties were commanded to announced in Rome with the legate. Thus in 873, new Pope John Viii (872-882) secured the release of Methodius, but instructed him to stop using the Slavonic Liturgy.^[30]

Methodius' final years

The papal will prevailed, and Methodius secured his liberty and his archiepiscopal authorization over both Swell Moravia and Pannonia, though the use of Slavonic for the mass was still denied to him. His authority was restricted in Pannonia when after Koceľ's death the principality was administered past German nobles; but Svatopluk now ruled with practical independence in Corking Moravia, and expelled the German clergy. This obviously secured an undisturbed field of operation for Methodius, and the Vita (x.) depicts the adjacent few years (873–879) as a menses of fruitful progress. Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy; and when Frankish clerics once more plant their mode into the country, and the archbishop's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk, this was fabricated a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque.

In 878, Methodius was summoned to Rome on charges of heresy and using Slavonic. This time Pope John was convinced by the arguments that Methodius made in his defence force and sent him back cleared of all charges, and with permission to use Slavonic. The Carolingian bishop who succeeded him, Witching, suppressed the Slavonic Liturgy and forced the followers of Methodius into exile. Many establish refuge with Knyaz Boris of Republic of bulgaria, nether whom they reorganised a Slavic-speaking Church. Meanwhile, Pope John's successors adopted a Latin-only policy which lasted for centuries.

Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy at Rome, the more than hands as the creed was still recited there without the Filioque, and promised to obey in regard to the liturgy. The other political party was conciliated by giving him a Swabian, Wiching, as his coadjutor. When relations were strained between the two, John VIII steadfastly supported Methodius; only after his death (December 882) the archbishop's position became insecure, and his need of support induced Goetz to have the argument of the Vita (thirteen.) that he went to visit the Eastern emperor.

It was not until after Methodius' death, which is placed on 6 April 885,^[31] that the animosity erupted into an open disharmonize. Gorazd, whom Methodius had designated every bit his successor, was not recognised by Pope Stephen Five. The aforementioned Pope forbade the use of the Slavic liturgy^[32] and placed the infamous Wiching as Methodius' successor. The latter exiled the disciples of the two brothers from Dandy Moravia in 885. They fled to the First Bulgarian Empire, where they were welcomed and commissioned to institute theological schools. There they and scholar Saint Clement of Ohrid^[33] devised the Cyrillic script on the ground of the Glagolitic. Cyrillic gradually replaced Glagolitic as the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language, which became the official language of the Bulgarian Empire and later spread to the Eastern Slav lands of Kievan Rus'. Cyrillic eventually spread throughout most of the Slavic world to become the standard alphabet in the Eastern Orthodox Slavic countries. Hence, Cyril and Methodius' efforts also paved the mode for the spread of Christianity throughout Eastern Europe.

Methodius' body was cached in the master cathedral church of Neat Moravia. Until today it remains an open question which city was capital of Great Moravia and therefore the place of Methodius' eternal rest remains unknown.^[34]

Invention of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets

A cartoon almost Saints Cyril and Methodius from Bulgaria in 1938. The caption reads : Brother Cyril, get tell those who are inside to larn the alphabet so they know freedom (Bulgarian: свобода) and anarchy (Bulgarian: слободия) are non the same.

The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic alphabets, and were created past the two brothers and their students, to interpret the Gospels and liturgical books^[22] into the Slavic languages.^[35] The early on Glagolitic alphabet was used in Slap-up Moravia between 863 (the arrival of Cyril and Methodius) and 885 (the expulsion of their students) for regime and religious documents and books, and at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) founded past Cyril, where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated, by Methodius himself among others. The alphabet has been traditionally attributed to Cyril. That attribution has been confirmed explicitly past the papal letter Industriae tuae (880) blessing the utilize of Old Church building Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was "invented past Constantine the Philosopher". The term invention need non exclude the possibility of the brothers having made apply of before letters, only implies merely that before that time the Slavic languages had no singled-out script of their ain.

The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the Get-go Bulgarian Empire^[36] and later on finalized and spread past disciples Kliment and Naum in the Ohrid and Preslav schools of Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria^[37] as a simplification of the Glagolitic alphabet which more closely resembled the Greek alphabet. It was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century.

After the death of Cyril, Cloudless of Ohrid accompanied Methodius from Rome to Pannonia and Bang-up Moravia. Later on the death of Methodius in 885, Cloudless headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia forth with Gorazd. After spending some time in jail, he was expelled from Great Moravia, and in 885 or 886 reached the borders of the Bulgarian Empire together with Naum of Preslav, Angelarius, and possibly Gorazd (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). The 4 of them were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian majuscule of Pliska, where they were commissioned past Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria to instruct the future clergy of the land in the Slavonic language.

Later the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek past clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the country, Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language every bit a mode to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria, so he established ii literary schools (academies), in Pliska and Ohrid, where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic linguistic communication. While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School, Cloudless was commissioned past Boris I to organise the didactics of theology to future clergymen in Erstwhile Church Slavonic at the Ohrid Literary Schoolhouse. For seven years (886-893) Cloudless taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet.

Celebration

Saints Cyril and Methodius' Twenty-four hours

Saints Cyril and Methodius procession

The canonization process was much more relaxed in the decades following Cyril's death than today. Cyril was regarded by his disciples every bit a saint soon after his death. His post-obit spread amid the nations he evangelized and subsequently to the wider Christian Church building, and he was famous every bit a holy man, along with his blood brother Methodius. There were calls for Cyril's canonization from the crowds lining the Roman streets during his funeral procession. The brothers' first advent in a papal document is in Grande Munus of Leo XIII in 1880. They are known equally the "Apostles of the Slavs", and are still highly regarded by both Roman Cosmic and Orthodox Christians. Their feast day is currently celebrated on 14 February in the Roman Catholic Church (to coincide with the engagement of St Cyril'south death); on 11 May in the Eastern Orthodox Church (though for Eastern Orthodox Churches which apply the Julian Calendar this is 24 May according to the Gregorian calendar); and on 7 July according to the sometime sanctoral calendar that existed before the revisions of the 2d Vatican Council. The commemoration too commemorates the introduction of literacy and the preaching of the gospels in the Slavonic linguistic communication past the brothers. The brothers were alleged "Patrons of Europe" in 1980.^[38]

The first recorded secular celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day as the "Day of the Bulgarian script", as traditionally accepted by Bulgarian history, was held in the town of Plovdiv on 11 May 1851, when a local Bulgarian school was named "Saints Cyril and Methodius": both acts on the initiative of the prominent Bulgarian educator Nayden Gerov,^[39] although an Armenian traveller mentioned his visit to the "celebration of the Bulgarian script" in the town of Shumen on 22 May 1803.^[xl]

Cyril and Methodius are remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 14 February.^[41]

The 24-hour interval is now celebrated equally a public holiday in the post-obit countries:

• In Republic of bulgaria it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Bulgarian Education and Culture, and Slavonic Script Day" (Bulgarian: Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост), a national vacation jubilant Bulgarian culture and literature likewise as the alphabet. It is as well known as "Alphabet, Culture, and Educational activity Twenty-four hour period" (Bulgarian: Ден на азбуката, културата и просвещението). Saints Cyril and Methodius are patrons of the National Library of Bulgaria. At that place is a monument to them in front of the library. Saints Cyril and Methodius are the nigh celebrated saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox church, and icons of the ii brothers can be institute in every church.
• In North Macedonia, information technology is historic on 24 May and is known as the "Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavonic Enlighteners' Mean solar day" (Macedonian: Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на словенските просветители), a national holiday. The Government of the Macedonia enacted a statute of the national vacation in Oct 2006 and the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia passed a respective law at the beginning of 2007.^[42] Previously information technology had only been celebrated in the schools. It is likewise known as the day of the "Solun Brothers" (Macedonian: Солунските браќа).
• In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the two brothers were originally commemorated on nine March, but Pope Pius IX changed this date to 5 July for several reasons.^[43] Today, Saints Cyril and Methodius are revered there as national saints and their name day (5 July), "Sts Cyril and Methodius Twenty-four hours" is a national holiday in Czech republic and Slovakia. In the Czech Republic it is celebrated as "Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day" (Czech: Den slovanských věrozvěstů Cyrila a Metoděje); in Slovakia information technology is historic as "St. Cyril and Metod Day" (Slovak: Sviatok svätého Cyrila a Metoda).^[43]
• In Russia, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Slavonic Literature and Culture Day" (Russian: День славянской письменности и культуры), celebrating Slavonic civilisation and literature too as the alphabet. Its commemoration is ecclesiastical (11 May in the Church's Julian calendar). It is not a public vacation in Russian federation.

The saints' banquet mean solar day is celebrated past the Eastern Orthodox Church building on xi May and by the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion on fourteen February as "Saints Cyril and Methodius Twenty-four hour period". The Lutheran Churches of Western Christianity commemorate the ii saints either on 14 Feb or 11 May. The Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches gloat Saints Cyril and Methodius Day on 24 May.^[44]

Other commemoration

The national library of Republic of bulgaria in Sofia, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the Due north Macedonia, and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria and in Trnava, Slovakia, bear the name of the two saints. Faculty of Theology at Palacký Academy in Olomouc (Czech republic), bears the proper name "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology". In the United States, SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Orchard Lake, Michigan, bears their proper noun.

The Alliance of Saints Cyril and Methodius (1846), a pro-Ukrainian organization in the Russian Empire to preserve Ukrainian national identity.

Saints Cyril and Methodius are the main patron saints of the Archdiocese of Ljubljana. Ljubljana Cathedral stands at Cyril and Methodius Square (Slovenian: Ciril–Metodov trg).^[45] They are besides patron saints of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Košice (Slovakia)^[v] and the Slovak Greek Catholic Eparchy of Toronto.

St. Cyril Summit and St. Methodius Tiptop in the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, in Antarctica are named for the brothers.

Saint Cyril's remains are interred in a shrine-chapel within the Basilica di San Clemente in Rome. The chapel holds a Madonna by Sassoferrato.

The Basilica of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pennsylvania, (the merely Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to SS. Cyril and Methodius in the world) is the motherhouse chapel of the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, a Roman Catholic women'due south religious community of pontifical rite dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism, education, evangelization, and elder intendance.^[46]

The Guild of Saints Cyril and Methodius, originally founded in 1909, is function of the national award system of Republic of bulgaria.

Gallery

• 

  Inauguration of the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Saratov on Slavonic Literature and Culture Day

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• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Opening of Cyril and Methodius monument in Donetsk

• 

  Statue, Saints Cyril and Methodius, Třebíč, Czechia

Names in other languages

• Greek: Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος (Kýrillos kaí Methódios)
• Old Church building Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи
• Belarusan: Кірыла і Мяфодзій (Kiryła i Miafodzij) or Кірыла і Мятода (Kiryła i Miatoda)
• Bulgarian: Кирил и Методий (Kiril i Metodiy)
• Croatian: Ćiril i Metod
• Czech: Cyril a Metoděj
• Macedonian: Кирил и Методиј (Kiril i Metodij)
• New Church Slavonic: Кѷрі́ллъ и҆ Меѳо́дїй (Kỳrill" i Methodij)
• Polish: Cyryl i Metody
• Russian: Кири́лл и Мефодий (Kirill i Mefodij), pre-1918 spelling: Кириллъ и Меѳодій (Kirill" i Methodij)
• Serbian: Ћирило и Методије / Ćirilo i Metodije
• Slovak: Cyril a Metod
• Slovene: Ciril in Metod
• Ukrainian: Кирило і Мефодій (Kyrylo i Mefodij)

See likewise

• Cyrillo-Methodian studies
• Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius
• Byzantine Empire
• Glagolitic alphabet
• SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary
• SS. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
• SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia
• St. Cyril and Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo
• Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology, Palacký Academy of Olomouc

References

Citations

1. ^ "Holy Men and Holy Women" (PDF). Churchofengland.org.
2. ^ "Notable Lutheran Saints". Resurrectionpeople.org.
3. ^ In the 21st century this date in the Julian Agenda corresponds to 24 May in the Gregorian Agenda
4. ^ ^{a b} Jones, Terry. "Methodius". Patron Saints Index. Archived from the original on xix February 2007. Retrieved xviii February 2007.
5. ^ ^{a b} History of the Eparchy of Košice Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Automobile (Slovak)
6. ^ "Figures of (trans-) national religious memory of the Orthodox southern Slavs before 1945: an outline on the examples of SS. Cyril and Methodius". ResearchGate . Retrieved xv Nov 2018.
7. ^ Liturgy of the Hours, Volume 3, fourteen February.
8. ^ "Egregiae Virtutis". Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009. Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980 (in Latin)
9. ^ Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopædia Britannica 2005
10. ^ Vita Constantini slavica, Cap. 18: Denkschriften der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften nineteen, Wien 1870, p. 246
11. ^ Chapter xviii of the Slavonic Life of Constantine Archived 15 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, an English translation
12. ^ English Translation of the 18th Chapter of the Vita Constantini, Liturgy of the Hours, Proper of Saints, 14 February
13. ^ "SS.Cyril and Methodius". world wide web.carpatho-rusyn.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved two May 2018.
14. ^
    • i. Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore Rabb, Isser Woloch, Raymond Grew. The Western Feel with Powerweb. Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2002. University of Michigan. p. 214. ISBN 9780072565447
    ...Two Christian brothers of Slavic descent, Cyril and Methodius, set out in about 862 as missionaries from the Byzantine...
    • 2. Balkan Studies, Volume 22. Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou (Thessalonikē, Greece). The Institute, 1981. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 381
    ...Being of Slavic descent, both of them spoke the erstwhile Slavic language fluently...
    • 3. Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational Globe. Princeton University Printing, 1995. p. 49 ISBN 9780691043562.
    ...In the 9th century two brothers Cyril and Methodius, Macedonian educators of Slavic origin from Solun, brought literacy and Christianity to the Slavs...
    • four. Ihor Ševčenko. Byzantium and the Slavs: In Letters and Culture'. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1991. p. 481. ISBN 9780916458126
    ...63-68 (Cyril and Methodius were Slavs)...At that place remains that argument for Cyril's and Methodius' Slavic origin which has to do with the Slavic translation of the Gospels and...
    • 5. Roland Herbert Bainton. Christianity: An American Heritage Book Series. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000. p. 156. ISBN 9780618056873
    ...Two missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...
    • 6. John Shea. Republic of macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland, 1997. p. 56 . ISBN 9780786437672
    ...Byzantine emperor Michael, on the request of the Moravian prince Ratislav, decided to send Slav priests as educators, he chose the Salonika brothers Cyril and Methodius...
    • vii. UNESCO Features: A Fortnightly Press Service. UNESCO. Un Educational, Scientific and Cultural Arrangement, 1984. Academy of Michigan
    ...They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco-Slav origin...
    • 8. The Pakistan Review, Volume 19. Ferozsons Express, 1971. University of California. p. 41
    ...century in Salonika, and so one of the largest towns in the Byzantine Empire. The brothers were of Slav origin...
    • nine. Balkania, Volume seven. Balkania Publishing Company, 1973. Indiana University. p. x
    ...Cyril and Methodius not simply lived among Slavs. ...of Slavonic, which they not only spoke and understood, but in which they likewise wrote—translated and composed—and for which they invented an alphabet, is proof of their Slav origin...
    • 10. Bryce Dale Lyon, Herbert Harvey Rowen, Theodore Southward. Hamerow. A History of the Western World, Book 1. Rand McNally College Pub. Co., 1974. Northwestern University. p. 239
    ...brothers of Slavic origin, Cyril and Methodius, who, afterward being ordained at Constantinople, preached the Gospel to the Slavs...
    • 11. Roland Herbert Bainton. The history of Christianity. Nelson, 1964. p. 169
    ...Ii missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adjusted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...
    • 12. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. Encyclopedia of European Peoples: Facts on File library of world history. Infobase Publishing, 2006. p. 752. ISBN 9781438129181
    ...There is disagreement equally to whether Cyril and his brother Methodius were Greek or Slavic, but they knew the Slavic dialect spoken in Macedonia...
    • 13. Frank Andrews. Ancient Slavs'. Worzalla Publishing Visitor, 1976. University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 163.
    ...Cyril and Methodius derived from a rich family of Salonica, perhaps of Slavic origin, but Grecized in those times. Methodius (815–885)...
    • 14. Johann Heinrich Kurtz, John Macpherson. Church History. Hodder and Stoughton, 1891. University of California. p. 431
    ...Born at Thessalonica, and then probably of Slavic descent, at least acquainted with the linguistic communication of the Slavs,...
    • 15. William Leslie Male monarch. Investment and Achievement: A Study in Christian Progress. Jennings and Graham, 1913. Columbia University.
    ...This homo and his brother Cyril became the Methodius and Cyril apostles of the Slavic people. These two brothers seemed to accept been raised up for such a mission. They were probably of Slavic descent...
15. ^
    • Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, southward.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
    • Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.
    • Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p.239, southward.v., "Social Science"
    • Eric Thousand. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archæology in the Near East, p.151, 1997
    • Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p.98
    • Five.Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p.119
    • Hastings, Adrian (1997). The structure of nationhood: ethnicity, faith, and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 126. ISBN0-521-62544-0. The activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aloof Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople.
    • Fletcher, R. A. (1999). The barbaric conversion: from paganism to Christianity. Berkeley, California: University of California Printing. p. 327. ISBN0-520-21859-0.
    • Cizevskij, Dmitrij; Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Porter, Richard Due east. (1971). Comparative History of Slavic Literatures. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. vi. ISBN0-8265-1371-ix. 2 Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius.
    • The illustrated guide to the Bible. New York: Oxford Academy Press. 1998. p. 14. ISBN0-19-521462-v. In Eastern Europe, the starting time translations of the Bible into the Slavonic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s
    • Smalley, William Allen (1991). Translation every bit mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement. Macon, Ga.: Mercer. p. 25. ISBN978-0-86554-389-viii. The well-nigh important example where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril and Methodius, with the Bible completed by A.D. 880. This was a missionary translation merely unusual again (from a mod point of view) considering non a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were. The brothers were Greeks who had been brought upward in Macedonia.
16. ^
    • one. Philip Lief Group. Saintly Support: A Prayer For Every Trouble. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003. p. 37. ISBN 9780740733369
    ...Cyril was born of Greek nobility connected with the senate of Thessalonica, although his mother may have been of Slavic descent...
    • 2. UNESCO Features: A Fortnightly Press Service. United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization., 1984. University of Michigan
    ...They may accept been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco-Slav origin...
17. ^ Raymond Davis (1995). The Lives of the Ninth-century Popes (Liber Pontificalis): The Ancient Biographies of 10 Popes from A.D. 817-891. Liverpool University Press. p. 254. ISBN978-0-85323-479-1.
18. ^ "Pope Bridegroom XVI. "Saints Cyril and Methodius", Full general Audience 17 June 2009, Libreria Editrice Vaticana". W2.vatican.va. Retrieved 29 Jan 2019.
19. ^ Vizantiiskoe missionerstvo, Ivanov Due south. A., Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, Moskva 2003, p. 147
20. ^ ^{a b c} Encyclopædia Britannica, Cyril and Methodius, Saints, O.Ed., 2008
21. ^ "From Eastern Roman to Byzantine: transformation of Roman civilisation (500-800)". Indiana University Northwest. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 31 Baronial 2017.
22. ^ ^{a b} Abraham, Ladislas (1908). "Sts. Cyril and Methodius". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Visitor. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
23. ^ "Sts. Cyril and Methodius". Pravmir. Archived from the original on seven March 2012. Retrieved 31 Baronial 2017.
24. ^ Đorđe Radojičić (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Pitiful (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. pp. 73–75.
25. ^ "Vir apostolicae vitae...sapientissimus vir" MGH Epist., seven/2, 1928, p. 436
26. ^ "Sv. Gorazd a spoločníci" [St. Gorazd and his colleagues]. Franciscan Friars of Slovakia (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
27. ^ "Seven Saints". Kashtite.com. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 29 Jan 2019.
28. ^ Equally is customary, when ane becomes a monk in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, i receives a new name.
29. ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 165-186.
30. ^ Goldberg 2006, p. 319-320.
31. ^ Житїе Меөодїя (Life of Methodius), title & chap. XVIII - bachelor on-line Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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33. ^ "In Pictures: Ohrid, Dwelling house of Cyrillic". Balkan Insight. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
34. ^ Curt Life of Cyril & Methodius. Translated by Ján STANISLAV: Životy slovanských apoštolov Cyrila a Metoda v legendách a listoch. Turčiansky Sv. Martin: Matica slovenská, 1950, p. 88. (Slovak)
35. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented past St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.
36. ^ Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets"
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Sources

• Betti, Maddalena (2013). The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Bowlus, Charles R. (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Eye Danube, 788-907. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812232769.
• Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing.
• Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
• Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the 6th to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
• Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Printing. ISBN9780801438905.
• Komatina, Predrag (2015). "The Church in Serbia at the Time of Cyrilo-Methodian Mission in Moravia". Cyril and Methodius: Byzantium and the Earth of the Slavs. Thessaloniki: Dimos. pp. 711–718.
• Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2d revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN9780884020219.
• Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Subotin-Golubović, Tatjana (1999). "Reflection of the Cult of Saint Konstantine and Methodios in Medieval Serbian Culture". Thessaloniki - Magna Moravia: Proceedings of the International Briefing. Thessaloniki: Hellenic Association for Slavic Studies. pp. 37–46.
• Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN9780521074599.
• Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Further reading

• Dvornik, F. (1964). "The Significance of the Missions of Cyril and Methodius". Slavic Review. 23 (two): 195–211. doi:10.2307/2492930.

External links

• Slavorum Apostoli by Pope John Paul II
• Cyril and Methodius – Encyclical letter (Epistola Enciclica), 31 December 1980 by Pope John Paul Two
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Cyril and Methodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• "Equal to Apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius Teachers of Slavs", by Prof. Nicolai D. Talberg
• Pope Leo XIII, "Grande munus: on Saints Cyril and Methodius
• Cyril and Methodius at orthodoxwiki
• Bulgarian Official Holidays, National Associates of the Republic of Bulgaria: in English language, in Bulgarian
• Banking company holidays in the Czech Republic, Czech National Banking company: in English, in Czech
• 24 May – The Twenty-four hour period Of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius

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